Terrain height: Difference between revisions

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#REDIRECT [[Elevation model]]
#REDIRECT [[Elevation model]]
{{learned|about Terrain Height|how terrain height is implemented in the {{software}}|how to add or remove terrain height with the terrain height brush panel|how to change terrain height}}
==Terrain height==
: Terrain height is the whole of differences of terrain elevation in a given area, the quantitative measurement of vertical elevation change in a landscape. Terrain is used here as a general term in physical geography, referring to the lay of the land. This is usually expressed in terms of the elevation, slope, and orientation of terrain features. Terrain height - as element of a terrain - affects surface water flow and distribution. Over a large area, it can affect weather and climate patterns.
: In overlays, the user can select two types of elevation, the digital terrain model (DTM) and digital surface model (DSM). A DTM represents the bare ground surface without any objects like plants and buildings. In contrast; a DSM represents the earth's surface including all objects (e.g. houses, trees, etc.) on it.
: [[File:DTM_DSM.png|400px]]
: View original file here:[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:DTM_DSM.svg]
==Terrain height in the {{software}}==
===DTM for projects in The Netherlands===
====Data sources====
In the Netherlands a DTM is constructed using the following data sources:
* A base DTM, with a cell size of 3mx3m, supplied by Rijkswaterstaat to [http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=58a541efc59545e6b7137f961d7de883 ESRI], based on the AHN2.
* A DSM from [http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=55df27e20c0d42e3a8bd48bc74c5c8cc AHN2] or [http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=b87c68ea246c4b17807cdad486279a47 AHN3] raw data ([http://www.ahn.nl Actuele Hoogte Bestand]) with a cell-size of 0.5x0.5m, 1x1m or 2.5x2.5m.
* A DTM from [http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=9d62ff8889ba41b2b712a68c7493bd16 AHN2] or [http://www.arcgis.com/home/item.html?id=9d62ff8889ba41b2b712a68c7493bd16 AHN3] containing interpolated ("maaiveld") data from ESRI, with a cell-size of 0.5x0.5m, 1x1m or 2.5x2.5m.
* [https://www.pdok.nl/introductie/-/article/basisregistratie-grootschalige-topografie-bgt- BGT] or [https://www.pdok.nl/introductie/-/article/basisregistratie-topografie-brt-historie Top10NL] data.
====Options====
When defining a new project, you can adjust the following [[Advanced options|'''Advanced Options''']] at the [[wizard]] to control the DTM and DSM data used.
These options are:
* ''Use AHN3 DSM instead of AHN2'': by default the AHN3 will be used for both the DTM and DSM. When not selected, the AHN2 data is used for the DTM and DSM.
* ''DEM Resolution'': The AHN is available on 0.5m, 1m or 2.5m resolution in the project database for generating the elevation grid (see the image below). Select the resolution appropriate for your project's needs.
* ''Apply DSM to DTM Thresholds for Land, Roads, and Other'': Optionally, the AHN DSM data can be applied to the DTM for height differences below the provided thresholds, based on the topography. This option can be useful when the DTM is too much averaged and smoothed and more variation is desirable. By default however, this option is turned off. When selected, the thresholds and resulting behavior will be:
** for bare lands the default threshold is 100cm: for all cells with a difference <100cm between the DTM and DSM, the value will be taken from the DSM
** for roads the default threshold is 25cm: for all cells with a difference <25cm between the DTM and DSM, the value will be taken from the DSM
** for crop-lands, scrup-land, etc the default threshold is 50cm: for all cells with a difference <50cm between the DTM and DSM, the value will be taken from the DSM
It is possible to change the default thresholds. To do so, change the corresponding value in the [[Advanced options|'''Advanced Options''']] menu (see the image below). The first value is for bare lands, the second for the roads and the third for the crop-lands etc. <br>
[[File:Ahn.jpg|600px]]
====DTM generation====
A project's DTM is created with the following steps:
* The ESRI DTM is resampled to the same resolution of the AHN DTM and AHN DSM.
* The AHN DTM is set as the base DTM.
* The ESRI DTM is used to replace the NO_DATA values in the DTM, which can be present at waterbodies.
* Optionally, depending on the selected DSM to DTM advanced option, the DSM is applied to the DTM based on the topology value and the configured thresholds:
** for bare lands, all cells with a difference between the DTM and DSM < the first threshold, the value will be taken from the DSM
** for roads, all cells with a difference between the DTM and DSM < the second threshold, the value will be taken from the DSM
** for crop-lands, scrup-land etc, all cells with a difference between the DTM and DSM < the third threshold, the value will be taken from the DSM
[[File:Advanced_settings.JPG|600px]]
====DSM usage====
Rooftops of buildings receive an average height of the DSM of the polygon defining the buildings footprint. The footprint is split into sections using image recognition techniques; herewith the variability in rooftops can be taken into account in the elevation model
====Waterdepth====
Water bodies, found in [[terrain]] surface types, are lowered a few meters relative to the elevation of the surrounding surface.
By default:
*Boezemwater: 3m lowered relative to the elevation of the surrounding surface
*Water: 2m lowered relative to the elevation of the surrounding surface
These values can be changed by changing the WATER_DEPTH_M attribute of the Terrain type.
From the DEM a heightpoint in or as close to the wateredge is taken. On that point the Underground terrain type is determined. The slope (talud) of the sides of the water body is defined by the ANGLE_OF_REPOSE of this [[Terrain#Subsurface|Underground Terrain Types]] and the maximum depth to which a water body is carved out is WATER_DEPTH_M as defined for the surface terrain type on this point. If the angle of repose is shallow enough and the water body thin enough, the angled sides may meet up before the maximum water depth is reached. In this case the water body will be appropriately shallower.
The ANGLE_OF_REPOSE attribute can also be changed.
==How-to's==
There are options to change the terrain height based on your own dataset, either by importing a [[GeoTiff]] or a [[GeoJSON]] file, or by manually drawing modifications using the [[terrain height brush]] specifying the location and desired height.
* [[How to import a GeoJSON to change the elevation model]]
* [[How to import a GeoTIFF to change the elevation model]]
* [[How to import a GeoJSON of waterways]]
* [[How to import a GeoTIFF of waterway depths]]
* [[How to use the terrain height brush in selection mode]]
* [[How to use the terrain height brush in live sculpting mode]]
<!--
There are two options to change terrain height. One is to import a raster file with the new terrain height and the other option is to draw in the {{software}} where the terrain should be changed and to which height.
===Importing a terrain height dataset===
See [[How_to_import_terrain_height_data| how to import terrain height data]].
<br clear=all>
==Adding or removing terrain height==
{{Editor location|Terrain elevation}}[[File:TerrainHeightBrushPanel1.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Drawing Terrain Height in 3D world]]
: When a project is created in the {{software}}, all terrain is flat. To add relief in the form of terrain height, a specific tool is available - the height tool brush.
===The Terrain Height Brush panel===
{{Editor location|Terrain elevation}}
: Below is an image of the Terrain Height Brush Panel. This tool looks like the more common [[brush|brush panel]], but is adjusted to be able to draw in terrain height in the [[3D World|3D world]].
[[File:TerrainHeightBrushPanel2.jpg|left|frame|200px|Terrain Height Brush Panel]]<br clear=all>
====Start/ stop drawing====
: ''The top button on the panel is called "Start Drawing" by default when loading the panel. This first button (de)activates the Terrain Height brush panel, by selecting the button named "Start Drawing" the rest of the options become available on the panel. With the brush panel activated, the user can start "painting". Selecting this button again - now named "Stop Drawing" - deactivates the panel, greying out the options.''
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanel3.jpg|Terrain height brush panel inactive
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanel2.jpg|Terrain height brush panel active
</gallery>
====Radius====
: ''The first slider from the top is called "Radius". The radius slider refers to how big the area is that the cursor will affect when changing the terrain's height. The more to the right the slider is positioned, the larger the area of effect is.''
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanelRadius.jpg|Terrain height brush panel radius slider
</gallery>
====Press====
: ''The second slider from the top is called "Press" - for "Pressure". The press slider refers to how fast the area will be affected when changing the terrain's height. The more to the right the slider is positioned, the faster the area will adjust, making it possible to quickly alter terrain. If the slider is positioned more to the left side, the height effect can be finely adjusted.''
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanelPress.jpg|Terrain height brush panel press slider
</gallery>
====Brush Types====
----
=====Flatten=====
: ''The brush type button on the right of the "Clear" button is called "Flatten". With the "Flatten" button, any area that the brush 'paints' will be flattened while maintaining most of its height. This is useful when placing constructions on elevated or lowered terrain, as constructions can only be placed on flat surfaces.''
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanelFlatten.jpg|Terrain height brush panel flatten button
</gallery>
=====Raise=====
: ''The brush type button below the "Clear" button is called "Raise". With the "Raise" button any area that the brush 'paints' will be raised in elevation, in order to create terrain height, such as hills or other relief.
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanelRaise.jpg|Terrain height brush panel raise button
</gallery>
=====Lower=====
: ''The brush type button below the "Flatten" button is called "Lower". With the "Lower" button any area that the brush 'paints' will be lowered in elevation, in order to create terrain effects such as valleys or even open (polder) water.''
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanelLower.jpg|Terrain height brush panel lower button
</gallery>
----
====Reset Changes====
: ''The next button is called "Reset Changes". This button makes it possible to quickly undo any changes. With this button any changes that are not applied yet will be reverted.''
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanelResetChanges.jpg|Terrain height brush panel reset changes button
</gallery>
====Apply Changes====
: ''The last button, on the bottom of the panel, is called "Apply Changes". This button confirms changes made with the terrain height brush. After applying these changes it is not possible to revert them anymore. ''
<gallery mode="nolines">
File:TerrainHeightBrushPanelApplyChanges.jpg|Terrain height brush panel apply changes button
</gallery>
===Drawing terrain height===
{{Editor location|Terrain elevation}}
{{Editor steps|title=change terrain height|Open the Terrain Height Brush Panel|Select "Start Drawing"|Adjust the Radius and Press sliders as desired|Select the brush type Raise, Flatten or Lower|Adjust terrain height by pressing and holding the left mouse button while drawing in the 3D world| Confirm the changes by selecting "Apply changes"}}
===Removing terrain height===
{{Editor location|Terrain elevation}}
{{Editor steps|title=remove terrain height|Open the Terrain Height Brush Panel|Select "Start Drawing"|Adjust the Radius and Press sliders as desired|Select the brush type Clear|Adjust terrain height by pressing and holding the left mouse button while drawing in the 3D world| Confirm the changes by selecting "Apply changes"}}-->

Latest revision as of 09:32, 27 August 2020

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