Ground water depth formula (Subsidence Overlay)

At the start of a simulation, the ground water depth is initialized with the ground water depth geotiff (if provided) and is optionally overwritten by (managed) water level areas' water level.

Furthermore, the ground water level can be managed with drainages (provided as underground buildings), either actively or passively.

Additionally the terrain height can change due to subsidence that occurred in previous years and due to actions taken that raised the terrain. Managed water level areas can react to these changes when indexation is configured. For indexation, see indexation formula.

The following formulas describe how the yearly adjusted ground water depths are obtained.

Ground water level managed by drainages

$d_{gw,y}={\begin{cases}d_{d,active},&{\text{if }}n{\text{ drainage is larger than 0}}\\max(0.0,d_{a}-\Delta {d_{a,y}}+d_{d,passive},&{\text{if }}n{\text{ drainage is smaller than 0}}\\max(0.0,d_{gw}+\Delta {d_{a,s,y}})&{\text{ otherwise }}\end{cases}}$

where

• $d_{gw,y}$ is the calculated ground water depth of a grid cell at year y.
• $d_{d,active}$ is the ground water depth actively maintained by a drainage
• $d_{a}$ is the ground water depth of the managed water level area.
• $\Delta {d_{a,y}}$ is the area water level adjustment for year y.
• $d_{d,passive}$ is the ground water level passively maintained by drainages.
• $\Delta {d_{a,s,y}}$ is the ground water level increase calculated based on the are water level adjustment due to indexation and the subsidence in the previous year.

Ground water level managed by water level areas

The effect of changes of managed surface water levels (by water level areas) on the ground water level. The x-axis indicates the relative depth of the managed surface water level. The y-axis indicates the meters of change to the ground water level, per meter change in surface water level. The smaller the relative depth is, the less the ground water level equalizes with changes in the managed surface water level.

The ground water level can also be managed by water level areas, which control the surface water levels. The ground water level increments can be calculated based on the indexation on the managed water level of surface water and the calculated subsidence of the previous year. This increment in ground water level is rarely exactly the adjustment of the managed surface water level and is often less, depending on the relative depth of the surface water level. The following formulas have been developed to estimate the increase of the ground water level.

The new relative surface water level depth is calculated as:

$\Delta {d_{inc}}=-\Delta {d_{a,y}}-s_{y-1}$

$d_{a,adj}=d_{a}+\Delta {d_{inc}}$

Next, based on the old and new depths, the ground water depth change is divided into three sections, each which its own rate of contribution.

$\Delta {d_{low}}=0.6\cdot (\max(0.0,min(0.6,d_{a,adj})-max(0.0,min(0.6,d_{a}))$

$\Delta {d_{mid}}={\frac {\max(0.6,min(1.0,d_{a,adj}))+max(0.6,min(1.0,d_{a}))}{2.0}}\cdot (\max(0.6,min(1.0,d_{a,adj}))-max(0.6,min(1.0,d_{a})))$

$\Delta {d_{high}}=1.0\cdot (\max(0.0,d_{a,adj}-max(0.0,d_{a})$

Finally, the ground water depth change is calculated and the new ground water depth is obtained:

$\Delta {d_{a,s,y}}=\Delta {d_{low}}+\Delta {d_{mid}}+\Delta {d_{high}}$

$d_{gw,y}=max(0.0,d_{gw}+\Delta {d_{a,s,y}})$

Ground Water change calculation

During a session, the surface water level can change. This affects the ground water level. The change in surface water level affecting the ground water level is the difference between the CURRENT and MAQUETTE values of the WATER_LEVEL attribute of areas.

When the distance between the surface water level and the surface of the land changes, the ground water level changes proportionally. However, as the surface water comes closer to the surface, the ground water level changes less than the surface water level. Specifically: if the distance between the surface of the land and the surface water level is greater than 1 meter, the ground water level is moved exactly as much as the surface water level. If the distance between the surface of the land and the surface water level is less than 0.6 meters, the ground water level changes by only 60% of the change in surface water level. Between 0.6 and 1 meter, the change in ground water level is interpolated accordingly.

For example:

Surface land height	Water level height (start)	Water level height (changed)	Change in distance between ground water level and surface
2.4	1.1	1.3	-0.2
2.4	2.1	2.3	-0.12
2.4	1.4	1.6	-0.18

This method of ground water level adjustment is applied when, during a session, the surface water level changes. This can be due to user input (i.e.: the user changes the water level attribute of an area), or because indexation (or lack thereof) moves the surface water level (and thus the ground water level) relative to the surface.

Notes about ground water level

Different ground water levels can be relevant for different use-cases. For subsidence, the lowest ground water level (Mean Lowest Watertable, or MLW, in English. GLG in Dutch.) is most commonly used. An overlay is also included for the highest water level. (Mean Highest Watertable, or MHW, in English. GHG in Dutch.)

See also (PDF): Wind (1986) Slootpeilverlaging en grondwaterstandsdaling in veenweidegebieden (Ditch water level reduction and groundwater level decrease in peat meadow areas - Dutch only)