Ground bottom flow formula (Water Overlay)

Underground seepage (from (or to) outside the project area) is calculated per cell.

The seepage is calculated using the following formula:

$\mathrm{\Delta }s=\frac{h_d(t)-h_{x,y}}{c}\cdot \frac{\mathrm{\Delta }t}{24\cdot 60\cdot 60}$

The external seepage head is variable over time by the introduction of h_v,t

$h_d(t)=h_c+h_{v,t}(t)$

Finally, calculate the actual amount of water seeping into (or out of) the ground from the bottom.

$\mathrm{\Delta }w=\frac{\mathrm{\Delta }s}{ws}$

Where:

• $\mathrm{\Delta }s$ = The underground seepage which takes place, in meters.
• $\mathrm{\Delta }t$ = Computational timestep in seconds.
• $h_{x,y}$ = Ground water head in the grid cell.
• $h_{d,t}$ = ground water level (or head) of the external zone causing the seepage at time t, in meters
• $h_c$ = constant ground water level (or head) of the external zone causing the seepage, in meters
• $h_{v,t}$ = additional variation of seepage head over time
• $c$ = resistance of the separating layer in days
• $ws$ = water storage fraction of the soil

See also

• The formula is based on the formula of Pankow for estimating seepage
• Seepage result